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13
Personality and Individual Differences
0
1
The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting data that is person-oriented and focuses on how the unique parts of a person’s personality form a consistent whole.
idiographic
nomothetic
idiosynchratic
individualistic
0
2
Dr. Sapperson is interested in conducting research that helps to clarify general principles and theories of behavior. His experiment will involve the gathering of data from many participants so that he can make general statements about groups, rather than individual observations about one person. Dr. Sapperson’s research is based in the __________ approach.
idiographic
collectivist
group
nomothetic
0
3
If you are describing your best friend to another person, you might rattle off a list of qualities to describe that individual. These qualities, or __________, are the building blocks of what we understand to be an individual’s personality.
attributes
traits
tendencies
features
0
4
Which of the following personality traits is not contained in the five-factor model?
extraversion/introversion
conscientiousness/ undirectedness
altruism/selfishness
openness to experience/non-openness
0
5
What is the difference between a personality ‘test’ and a personality ‘inventory’?
An inventory is longer and more scientifically rigorous than a test.
An inventory is given in a clinical setting, while a test is given in a counseling setting.
A test measures personalities along dimensions that are considered “right and wrong,” while an inventory makes no such judgments about an individual’s personality.
A test is a paper-and-pencil type of measure, while an inventory involves a conversation with a trained professional
0
6
What has research found about the heritability of traits identified by trait theories?
Traits only show heritability for family members who are raised in the same household. Otherwise there is no type of research that can investigate personality heritability.
Traits only show heritability for identical twins, since they are genetic clones. Relatives without the exact same genetic heritage show no real personality heritability.
Traits tend to be heritable, as demonstrated by the fact that the closer two people are genetically, the greater their trait similarity.
Personality is 90% genetic, so those who don’t want to turn into their own parents are out of luck.
0
7
Sigmund Freud is the original theorist whose work influenced the __________ perspective of personality development.
psychodynamic
psychodevelopmental
sociocognitive
trait
0
8
Young Desirae is always asking her mother for things. “Mommy, can I have a cookie?” “Mommy, can I have a new toy?” “Mommy, can I have a drink of water?” “Mommy, I want to stay up late.” The fact that Desirae is not at all interested in what her Mommy wants, and instead focuses only on her own pleasure needs, suggests that she operates mostly from the __________ component of her personality.
id
ego
egocentric
superego
0
9
Which of the following is not one of the ways that people deal with their anxiety, according to theorist Karen Horney?
By becoming submissive
By becoming aggressive
By becoming codependent
By detaching
1
0
If you were to go into a specialist’s office for a personality assessment and she showed you some cards with pictures on them, asking you to tell her a story about each picture you would be taking the ___________ test.
Rorschach Inkblot
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
California Personality
Thematic Apperception
1
1
One criticism of the Rorschach inkblot test is that:
it only used black and white inkblots.
it is too brief and requires no real training to administer.
it seems like an unreliable and subjective way to assess the unconscious mind.
it is too outdated and does not reflect the personalities of the 21st century
1
2
Which of the following is not a component of the humanistic theory of personality?
Archetypes
Self-concept
Self-theory
Unconditional positive regard
1
3
“No matter what you do, no matter where you go, you will always be my son, and I will always love you,” Carter’s mother told him as he set off to make his way in the world. Based on this parting statement, we can assume that Carter has been raised with what Carl Rogers calls:
unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth
learned helplessness
healthy defense mechanisms
1
4
Which of the following falls right in the middle of the hierarchy of needs?
Attachment needs
Safety and security needs
Self-esteem needs
Physiological needs
1
5
Which theory of personality has been generally lauded for being the most optimistic of the major theories?
Psychodynamic theory
Personal control theory
Social cognitive theory
Humanistic theory
1
6
The __________ of control refers to a person’s perception of whether he or she has control over a given situation.
locus
sense
direction
element
1
7
An outcome __________ is a person’s assumptions about the consequences of his or her own behavior.
presumption.
anticipation
prediction
expectancy
1
8
Perhaps you’ve read a difficult story about a woman who was in an abusive relationship for an extended period of time. Perhaps you’ve also wondered, even momentarily, “Why did she stay with that person if they were abusive?” Based on your reading, which theory would do the best job of explaining why people stay in abusive relationships?
The theory of Freudian defense mechanisms
The theory of learned helplessness
The theory of the hierarchy of needs
The theory of the locus of control
1
9
Why is it so difficult to create a truly global measure of personality?
Because there are fundamental differences in the way Western and non-Western cultures understand personality that are influenced by various cultural factors.
Because the different languages in different cultures do not always have words that can be translated equivalently and thus there is no way to measure personality uniformly across cultures.
Because concepts like self-efficacy, unconditional positive regard, and reciprocal determinism have been found to have no statistical validity in any culture outside of the United States of America.
Because the theories of Sigmund Freud created such a backlash against American personality theorists in the early 1900s that there has been no reconciliation of theories from different cultures.
2
0
Which of the following is one of the greatest strengths of the social cognitive perspective of personality?
It recognizes that the five stages of psychosexual development can, in fact, be progressed through without fixation, struggle, or strife.
It offers strategies for a person to improve his or her own life, as it recognizes the importance of the individual in the construction of his or her own reality.
It offers hope to each human being that self-actualization is a reasonable and attainable goal.
It suggests that the genetic limitations with which we are born can be overcome.
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